Bobbin thread showing on top
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Dots of bobbin-colored thread on the fabric's right side mean top tension is too tight relative to the bobbin, pulling bobbin thread up through the fabric. Loosen the top tension and test on a scrap.
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Loopy stitches
Visible loops sitting proud of the seam point to unbalanced tension, most often a bobbin thread with too little resistance. Rethread top and bobbin, adjust tension gradually, and test on scrap first.
Loose stitches
Stitches that sit slack and don't lock into the fabric come from top tension set too low. Increase the top tension gradually and test until stitches lock in the middle of the fabric.
Puckered seams
A seam that gathers or ripples along its length is caused by tension set too tight, a stitch length wrong for the fabric, or sewing fine fabric without stabilizing. Loosen tension and stabilize lightweight fabrics.
Serger tension problems
Loose loops hanging off a serged edge, or an edge that curls and puckers, points to the tension dials being out of balance for the thread and fabric. Adjust one dial at a time on a scrap.
Snapped bobbin thread
The bobbin thread breaking mid-seam, leaving only top stitches, often means the bobbin was wound unevenly, inserted backward, or lint has jammed the case. Rewind the bobbin evenly, reinsert correctly, and clean the case.
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