Sewing machine
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A mechanical device that forms stitches in fabric, radically speeding up clothing production; workable models emerged in the 1830s-1850s and made both industrial and home sewing far faster than hand stitching.
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Barthélemy Thimonnier
French tailor who patented an early chainstitch sewing machine in 1830 to make army uniforms; rioting tailors, fearing job losses, destroyed his workshop in 1831.
Elias Howe
American inventor who patented a working lockstitch sewing machine in 1846, using a needle with an eye near its point and a shuttle carrying a second thread.
Isaac Singer
American manufacturer who patented an improved sewing machine in 1851 and pioneered installment purchasing, making the Singer Manufacturing Company the dominant sewing machine brand of the 19th century.
Lockstitch
The most common machine stitch, formed by an upper needle thread interlocking with a lower bobbin thread inside the fabric; it appears identical on both sides and resists unraveling.
Straight pin
A slender metal fastener used to hold fabric layers in place before stitching; mass-produced brass pins from the 1830s replaced costly handmade ones and became a household essential.
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